The Middle Path

On the momentous occasion of December 5th, 1933, Utah emerged as the 36th state to ratify the 21st Amendment, heralding the reversal of the ill-fated policy of alcohol prohibition. 

Partying was back!

Since its inception, prohibition proved to be a catastrophic endeavor, exerting negligible influence on the drinking habits of Americans (if not worsening matters). Moreover, it compromised the meaning of "temperance," a term whose original meaning warrants rediscovery.

The ancient Greeks invoked the term "sophrosyne" when discussing moderation, a key concept woven into the fabric of ancient philosophies. Later, Cicero translated the word to Latin as "temperantia," which morphed into temperance in English.

The Divergence from Temperance: The Prohibition Era

Prohibition was the policy response to the temperance movement, which took root in the early 1800s. Initially, the movement aptly bore the name "temperance," as its supporters primarily advocated for moderation, limitations on strong spirits, and moral reforms. However, as with many socio-political movements, the objectives grew more ambitious (and freedom-draining). 

Eventually, teetotalism became the dominant strand within the movement. By the early 1900s, a vehement campaign was waged against the perceived evils of alcohol, ultimately solidifying the path toward the shameful chapter of prohibition.

Restoring Temperance to its True Essence

Consequently, temperance became inextricably intertwined with abstinence, distorting the authentic meaning of the term. In truth, temperance aligns more closely with moderation — pursuing the right actions in the right proportions — rather than abstinence. 

The Contemporary Conundrum: Striving for Temperance

Contemporary society is replete with examples of extremism, ranging from political tribalism to fad diets. Opposing factions engage in a relentless tug-of-war bucking society from extreme to extreme. 

People indulge excessively on one end, while on the other end, call mandates. Both extremes harbor their own perils, leaving temperance the most taxing yet safest ground to occupy. 

Temperance as a Stoic Cardinal Virtue

Within Stoic philosophy (my favorite), temperance is one of the four cardinal virtues, alongside wisdom, courage, and justice. 

Some Stoic perspectives may appear paradoxical, as their philosophical tenets often extol the virtues of action while also cautioning against its excesses. For instance, Marcus Aurelius highlighted the benefits of "reading with diligence" but also said, "Cast your books from you; distract yourself no more."

Which is it, emperor? Is reading beneficial or a distraction? 

Both. When viewed through the lens of temperance, Stoic perspectives no longer seem contradictory.

Unveiling the Stoic Paradox: The Balancing Act of Temperance

The seemingly contradictory proclamations of the "Philosopher-King" are, in essence, an invocation for temperance. The merits of reading are widely recognized, yet dedicating oneself solely to scholarly endeavors at the expense of fulfilling essential responsibilities negates the virtue inherent in such pursuits. Thus, excessive reading is detrimental, just as insufficient reading is harmful.

The Coexistence of Stoic Ideas About Worry

Another instance illuminating the Stoics' nuanced stance lies in their famous admonishments against worry. Seneca expounds upon the notion of genuine happiness, saying, "True happiness is to enjoy the present without anxious dependence upon the future." 

Paradoxically, the Stoics also advocate for preparedness in the face of adversity, urging individuals to visualize potential misfortunes before they materialize. While these ideas may seem inconsistent, delving deeper reveals a delicate yet harmonious coexistence. 

Negative visualization isn't meant to cause worry but rather to rid one of worry by forging a sense of detachment from external circumstances and strengthening the ability to cope with adversity.

Navigating the Middle Path

Temperance is about discerning the appropriate measure and navigating the pathway between extremes. For instance, drinking alcohol does not constitute a vice, but indulging in drunkardly behavior certainly does. 

Working ambitiously is not inherently unvirtuous, but neglecting one's familial and social duties in its pursuit undoubtedly is. Similarly, savoring delectable cuisine is not unvirtuous, yet caving to gluttony and overconsumption is. It is within temperance that power resided.

The Liberating Nature of Temperance: Discipline and Freedom

Temperance does not advocate for elimination; rather, it embodies self-control, an attribute Cicero noted as granting "a sort of polish to life." In essence, temperance is discipline, and through discipline, freedom is attained. 

While discipline and freedom may appear dichotomous, their relationship is one of interdependence. Genuine liberation can only be achieved through the cultivation of self-discipline.

The Contemporary Relevance of Temperance

The Stoics recognized the profound importance of self-control over two millennia ago. Today, the expansion of wealth places a greater percentage of the population at risk of excessive indulgence. The need to heed the call of temperance is all the more urgent. 

By adhering to temperance, one can navigate the tumultuous waters of society, remain balanced, and transcend the tempestuous fray.